Table 1 Baseline characteristics of CALD and non-CALD participants
| CALD [n = 128] | Not CALD [n = 612] | OR [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Age [range, 12–25 years] | 18.6 [3.2]a | 18.2 [3.2]a | 0.39 [− 0.22, 1.00]b |
| Female | 88 [68.8%] | 408 [66.7%] | 1.10 [0.73, 1.66] |
| Australian-born | 88 [68.8%] | 587 [95.9%] | 0.09 [0.05, 0.16]gj |
| Education status | |||
| Not engaged in education | 33 [26.0%] | 202 [33.9%] | |
| School | 39 [30.7%] | 226 [37.9%] | 1.06 [0.64, 1.74] |
| Vocational institution | 16 [12.6%] | 70 [11.7%] | 1.40 [0.73, 2.70] |
| University | 39 [30.7%] | 98 [16.4%] | 2.44 [1.44, 4.11]gi |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed | 70 [54.7%] | 379 [61.9%] | |
| Full-time | 9 [7.0%] | 50 [8.2%] | 0.97 [0.46, 2.07] |
| Part-time | 49 [38.3%] | 183 [29.9%] | 1.45 [0.97, 2.17] |
| Relationship status | |||
| Not in a relationship | 84 [65.6%] | 378 [61.8%] | |
| Married / living together (> 6 months) | 4 [3.1%] | 21 [3.4%] | 0.86 [0.29, 2.56] |
| Non-spousal partner | 40 [31.3%] | 213 [34.8%] | 0.85 [0.56, 1.28] |
| Accommodation status | |||
| Boarding house / hostel | 4 [3.3%] | 10 [1.7%] | |
| Independent housing | 116 [96.7%] | 571 [98.3%] | 0.51 [0.16, 1.65] |
| Welfare recipient | 53 [52.0%] | 221 [47.0%] | 1.22 [0.79, 1.87] |
| Mental disorder | |||
| Child-onset disorder | 8 [7.1%] | 100 [17.3%] | 0.34 [0.16, 0.71]fh |
| Clinical stage | |||
| Stage 0: Asymptomatic | 3 [2.4%] | 1 [0.2%] | |
| Stage 1a: Symptomatic | 31 [24.4%] | 235 [38.5%] | 0.04 [< 0.01, 0.44]gi |
| Stage 1b: Attenuated syndrome | 69 [54.3%] | 312 [51.1%] | 0.07 [< 0.01, 0.72]fh |
| Stages 2 + | 24 [18.9%] | 62 [10.2%] | 0.13 [0.01, 1.30]e |
| Stage 2: Discrete disorder | 21 [16.5%] | 44 [7.2%] | |
| Stage 3: Recurrent or persistent disorder | 3 [2.4%] | 17 [2.8%] | |
| Stage 4: Severe, persistent, and unremitting illness | 0 [0.0%] | 1 [0.2%] | |
| Psychosis | |||
| Not at risk | 72 [57.1%] | 347 [57.3%] | |
| At risk | 45 [35.7%] | 220 [36.3%] | 0.99 [0.65, 1.48] |
| Met threshold for psychosis | 9 [7.1%] | 39 [6.4%] | 1.11 [0.52, 2.40] |
| Depression | |||
| None | 28 [22.0%] | 130 [21.3%] | |
| Mild | 35 [27.6%] | 204 [33.5%] | 0.80 [0.46, 1.37] |
| Moderate | 40 [31.5%] | 172 [28.2%] | 1.08 [0.63, 1.84] |
| Severe | 23 [18.1%] | 79 [13.0%] | 1.35 [0.73, 2.51] |
| Very severe | 1 [0.8%] | 24 [3.9%] | 0.19 [0.03, 1.49] |
| Anxietyc | |||
| None | 29 [23.2%] | 152 [25.0%] | |
| Mild | 35 [28.0%] | 135 [22.2%] | 1.36 [0.79, 2.34] |
| Moderate | 29 [23.2%] | 166 [27.3%] | 0.92 [0.52, 1.60] |
| Severe | 32 [25.6%] | 154 [25.4%] | 1.09 [0.63, 1.89] |
| Family history of mental illness or suicide | 66 [53.2%] | 381 [63.9%] | 0.64 [0.43, 0.95]e |
| Substance used | |||
| Tobacco | 76 [59.8%] | 412 [67.3%] | 0.72 [0.49, 1.07] |
| Alcohol | 101 [79.5%] | 531 [86.8%] | 0.59 [0.36, 0.97]e |
| Cannabis | 54 [42.5%] | 324 [52.9%] | 0.66 [0.45, 0.97]e |
| Cocaine | 17 [13.4%] | 94 [15.4%] | 0.85 [0.49, 1.48] |
| Stimulants | 27 [21.3%] | 163 [26.7%] | 0.74 [0.47, 1.18] |
| Inhalants | 8 [6.3%] | 57 [9.3%] | 0.65 [0.30, 1.41] |
| Sedatives | 17 [13.4%] | 94 [15.4%] | 0.85 [0.49, 1.48] |
| Hallucinogens | 14 [11.0%] | 122 [20.0%] | 0.50 [0.28, 0.90]e |
| Opioids | 6 [4.7%] | 36 [5.9%] | 0.79 [0.33, 1.92] |
| Other drug(s) | 4 [3.1%] | 23 [3.8%] | 0.83 [0.28, 2.45] |
| Injecting drug use | 2 [1.6%] | 18 [3.0%] | 0.53 [0.12, 2.32] |
| Occupational functioning | |||
| Functional impairment | 49 [38.6%] | 227 [37.2%] | 1.06 [0.72, 1.57] |
| Quality of life | |||
| Poor | 29 [23.6%] | 159 [26.3%] | |
| Average | 46 [37.4%] | 221 [36.6%] | 1.14 [0.69, 1.90] |
| Good | 48 [39.0%] | 224 [37.1%] | 1.17 [0.71, 1.94] |
| Forensic history | |||
| Non-violent charge | 7 [5.6%] | 43 [7.1%] | 0.77 [0.34, 1.76] |
| Violent charge | 3 [2.4%] | 25 [4.2%] | 0.57 [0.17, 1.92] |
| Violent victimization | 20 [15.9%] | 123 [20.2%] | 0.75 [0.45, 1.25] |
| Child maltreatment | |||
| Physical abuse | 44 [34.9%] | 187 [30.7%] | 1.21 [0.81, 1.82] |
| Sexual abuse | 25 [19.8%] | 133 [21.8%] | 0.89 [0.55, 1.43] |
| Emotional abuse | 91 [72.2%] | 411 [67.5%] | 1.25 [0.82, 1.92] |
| Physical neglect | 57 [45.2%] | 279 [45.8%] | 0.98 [0.66, 1.44] |
| Emotional neglect | 83 [65.9%] | 395 [64.9%] | 1.05 [0.70, 1.57] |
| Stigmatization | 37 [42.5%] | 177 [45.5%] | 0.89 [0.55, 1.42] |
|
Values are counts and percentages. Percentages are expressed as a function of valid cases rather than total cases aValues are means (standard deviations). bMean difference. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. cAnxiety symptoms measured using the GAD-7. dLifetime use Significance testing: ep < .05, fp < .01, gp < .001. Values corrected for multiple testing using a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%: hq < .05, iq < .01, jq < .001 | |||